Abstract: Objective: To define the microscopic structure of the fetal heart at various stages of development.  Methods: A total of 100 spontaneously aborted fetuses at various gestational ages were collected after ethical approval and the heart was dissected. A detailed microscopic evaluation at various stages was performed by histological and immunohistochemical studies. Results: A relative growth was seen along with the gestational age of the fetuses. The atrium showed extensive pectinate muscle pattern in the wall until maturity while the extent and complexity of trabeculation in ventricles increased with age. The nuclear density per square millimeter increased from 2,78,400 cells to 5,85,600 cells. From first group to second there was a rise in the percentage of proliferation. The proliferating cell concentration was strong till lowest gestational week of third group and then slowly the proliferation declined. Conclusion: This study could enhance further investigation of factors influencing the regulation of the cardiac myocyte cell cycle, which may better elucidate cardiac conditions, such as myocardial hypoplasia and cardiac response to stress and injury. 

Abstract: Bronchial Asthma is a disease characterized by hyper reactive airways, leading to episodic, reversible bronchoconstriction, owing to increased responsiveness of the tracheobronchial tree. The usual symptoms in Bronchial Asthma are breathlessness, tightness in the chest, wheezing and coughing, especially at night. It was possible to include 80 male patients with bronchial asthma in the age range of 20 – 50 years during the study period. These participants were again divided into two age sub groups for comparison purpose.  Wright’s Peak flow meter was used to measure Peak Expiratory Flow Rate. ⁴ The participants were explained in detail how to use the peak flow meter. Three readings were obtained and the highest recording was taken as PEFR of that subject.  The participant’s data was recorded in a pre designed and pre tested questionnaire. The mean PEFR for non smokers was higher than that for smokers but the difference was not found to be significant (p > 0.05). The smokers in this age group were found to have lower mean PEFR values when compared to non smokers. This difference in the mean value is found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05). It is concluded that PEFR is lower in Bronchial Asthma Subjects who smoke than Non-Smokers with asthma and in older age group than younger age group. 

Abstract: Communicable diseases are placing high economic burden on poorer countries like India. Most of these diseases can be prevented through universal coverage of vaccination. Most of the nations are striving hard to cover all the populations but in-spite of the efforts in implementation of the programmes for decades, the coverage is unsatisfactory. Gross variations in coverage are observed across population groups, and geographies. Most of the vulnerable groups are under covered due to various reasons. Some of the reasons for low coverage are inadequate resources and improper allocation of budget for health sector. Mismanagement of allotted budget is another area. Though Immunization is a cost effective programme, universal coverage is of high burden nature to the nation. Presently, the nations are facing difficulty in allocation of required budget for the preventive programs like Immunization. The alternative approach to avoid burden is optimum utilization of allocated budget and minimising of wastage of resources. A study has been undertaken in this connection to identify the area of wastage in three districts of Uttar Pradesh. In the present study, gross wastage was observed for various vaccines. A mean wastage of vaccines ranging from 28-50% for various vaccines was observed in the study due to various reasons. 

Abstract: One of the major lacunae observed in the implementation of the Immunization program leading to low coverage and compromised quality is lack of Supportive Supervision by the Supervisors in the health system. This gap needs to be addressed by orientation and training of the health functionaries on skills of Supportive supervision. IMMUNIZATIONbasics a USAID supported project implemented a model SS approach in three least performing districts of Jharkhand i.e., Lohardagga, Dumka and Godda, to showcase the effectiveness of SS approach. Supportive supervision (SS) is defined as - A process that promotes quality at all levels of the health system by strengthening relationships within the system, focusing on the identification and resolution of problems, and helping to optimize the allocation of resources promoting high standards, teamwork, and better two-way communication. The results obtained in two successive rounds of supportive supervision in the three districts, indicated that there was a definite improvement in the quality of the program in all the 4 key areas of immunization i.e., program management, cold chain management, vaccine management and reports and records management. 

Abstract: Sex ratio is an important indicator for assessment of the development of a nation. Nature provided equal opportunity to both the sexes but human intervention and changing environmental conditions making change in the sex ratio. In several countries a male preponderance over females is observed at birth but in Asian countries till 2005 number in females was more. Sex ratio is expressed in different ways but most commonly used method of expression is number of males to females. The survival rate of male is less compared to female as the age advances. Gross variations are observed in sex ratio in different parts of the country. In both eastern part and southern parts of the country more number of females is observed but increased sex ratio is observed in north and North West of the country. A close monitoring of changing trends of sex ratio is essential to stabilize the changes in population composition and to avoid social evils and to do social justice. 

Abstract: Morphometry of superior mesenteric artery is very much essential to Endovascular surgeons. Extensive knowledge of distribution of superior mesenteric artery, distribution of it to various organs are essential for organ transplantation, angiography and other surgical interventions. Superior mesenteric artery is the end aretery of organ and it is the artery of mid-gut in embryonic stage. Translucently this is seen in X ray across the duodenum in most of the times. Caecum and appendix are supplied through SMA (Superior mesenteric artery). Position of the artery during embryonic stage in sub-hepatic region and in the adults it will be in right iliac fossa.

 The present study was designed to study of the any variations of SMA during developmental changes of caecum. And the knowledge of SMA morphometry is necessary to Pediatric Surgeons in different maneuvers. Length of the artery from its origin to commencement of ileocolic branch in adult male is 8.32 cms and in adult female is 7.35 cms. In fetuses  it varies with age. The present study was conducted on 35 dead fetuses and 15 adult cadevers.  Following were the findings of the study: 

There are no fistulous communications between artery and veins and also there are no dilated segments of the vessel thus showing that congenital aneurismal dilatations are not common.

There is a evidence of coeliaco mesenteric anastomosis  which is shown by origin of middle colic and right colic arteries arising by a common trunk  from the  hepatic artery and inferior pancreatico duodenal artery from the celiac trunk.

Inferior pancreatico duodenal artery is seen as a branch coming from middle colic artery in one adult out of 15 (0.66%)

There are no variation observed between the relation of superior mesenteric artery and the vein.

There are no abnormal  vessels taking origin from superior mesenteric artery.

There is an anastomotic vessel seen between sigmoidal branch of  inferior mesenteric artery and left branch of middle colic artery  in one fetal specimen.

caecal vessels are two sets (anterior and posterior) in concurrence with general description.

Appendicular artery is single and  arising from ileocolic artry in 34 (97%)

fetal specimens and single in all adult specimens (100%) . In fetal specimen   appendicular artery is double.

The authors concluded based on the observations made in their study that growth is at a faster rate  in the first  and second trimesters of pregnancy.

Abstract: Poverty plays an important role in the maintenance of ill health. The full potential of an individual is not able to perform due to disability. Handicap is the result of disability. A study has been designed to know the underlying factors for disability due to ophthalmic condition. Government of Andhra Pradesh initiated a program “Software for Assessment for Disabled For Access Rehabilitation and Empowerment” to help the rural poor of handicapped due to disability. An individual is not able to perform certain activities considered normal for his age, sex etc. is considered as disable. As a result of disability, the person experiences certain disadvantages in life and is not able to discharge the obligations required of him and play the role expected of him in the society. This is termed as handicap. Disability may be of different types like, physical, mental, and or social. There are different measures of disability, and one of the measures is disability adjusted life years (DALY). Psychological and neurological disability constitutes 28% of total. Physical conditions are another important contributor for the disability. In physical disability, ophthalmic conditions contribute to significant percentage. The prime duty of any nation is to protect the disabled and handicapped  both socially and economically. Government of AP started a programme known as SADAREM (Software for Assessment for Disabled to Access Rehabilitation and Empowerment) to help the rural poor due to disability.The responsibility of identification of Persons with Disability (PWDs)is given to the respective District Collectors. Eligibility criteria, guidelines were prepared to identify the PWDs and given to the Medical Boards. Specialty hospitals/District hospitals are identified as centers for issuing disability certificates. Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Ongole is identified in Prakasham District of AP as one of the centers . The data collected through prescribed format were analyzed. 

Abstract: Extra ocular muscles (EOM) have their contribution in maintaining intra ocular pressure (IOP) and hence surgery on these muscles can bring some changes in IOP. An attempt is made in the present study to observe the alterations in IOP during various strengthening and weakening procedures of EOM during squint surgeries and also to know if there is any significance of the amount of surgery on IOP changes. 

Abstract: There is an evidence that preoperative blood transfusion increases the likelihood of infectious compilations after surgery. Transfusion in oncological surgery may increase the risk of recurrence and decrease long-term survival. Although most patients receive transfusion without any abvious detrimental effects, its safety cannot be guaranteed. Thus taken together, awareness of the risk of transfusion has sensitized the surgical community and forced a consideration of alternatives to transfusion, frequently invoking a 'transfusion avoidance strategy' to minimize risk exposure. In the present study an attempt is made to know how surgery can be quite safe in patient with a low haemoglobin level as long as the circulatory volume is normal. This study was done on 216 cases. As all are indoor cases, details of these cases are available in record section for noting the relevant findings separate proforma was prepared and used. All surgeries done in-patients with a preoperative haemoglobin level as low as 8 gm/dL. Out of 180 cases of benign pathology transfusion was required only in 35 cases, but in 36 cases of malignancy transfusion was required in 18 cases. Most of surgery (162) conducted without blood transfusion where blood loss was less is more than 500 ml and patients are intraoperatively stable. In 51 cases blood loss is more than 500 ml and patients have intraoperative complications like tachycardia, hypotension or both, where blood transfusion is required. In 75% cases surgery was conducted without transfusion and blood transfusion was given in 25% case. There was no mortality in cases operated without blood transfusion. 

Abstract: A young male was brought to the mortuary of Gandhi Medical College by the police, under Chikkadpally P.S. limits. Death was due to Traumatic Asphyxia resulting from compression of the chest. Fatal cases in Traumatic Asphyxia are due to accident. The importance of Post Mortem Examination here lies in the fact that: the victim was found in an unusual position at the scene of crime, and, this gave rise to a lot of speculation; and consequently, mystery as to what actually might have happened, as the police were clueless in solving the crime. Moreover, this case establishes the role of a Forensic expert in solving crime, dispelling unnecessary doubts in the media and society, and, ultimately help in the correct administration of justice. 

Abstract: Background and objectives:

The Medical fraternity in certain places is still facing the problems of management in relation to the morbidity, mortality and the medico legal nature that are challenged in some of the cases of snakebites. This evidence based toxicological study comprises of clinical, biochemical and histo-pathological evaluations apart from the preservations of circumstantial and photographic evidences. In this study 23 out of 38 cases of snakebite victims are under the clinical study leaving the rest of the 15 cases to the postmortem examination at Osmania general hospital mortuary Hyderabad AP. This study has generated lot of interest in fallowing the various valuable observations from the cases of living and dead victims of snakebite.

Material and Methods:

The following are some of the prospective study data collected in relation to material and methods.

1) Age and sex distribution, 2) Snake identification, 3) Scene of snake bite, 4) Seasonal variation, 5) Diurnal variation, 6) Frequency distribution of fang marks over the body, 7) Preparation of anti body sera from rabbit and goat animals, 8) Clinical statuses and treatment modalities, 9) Biochemical and Pathological examinations of the Bio-samples (skin washings, blood and csf) collected at the place of treatment in the hospital, 10) Collection and preservation of the postmortem samples ( skin bit, blood, liver and kidney) of the snakebite victims at the mortuary, 11) Immuno analytical assay of the live and dead samples of snake bite victims by the ELISA test, 12) Histo-pathological examination of live and dead tissues in the microscope obtained from the live and dead snakebite victims.

Results:

The results of the above data is collected from the live and dead bodies and are analyzed, compiled and compared in their respective criterions. The scientific conclusions drawn on the observations of both anti-mortem and postmortem samples studies of snake bite victims were corroborating and consistent with the previous studies mentioned in the discussion part.

Conclusion:

1. The results of the study are very much comparable and are consistent with previous scientific observations as scored and expressed in discussions.

Abstract: Pregnancy is a state of altered, but normal, physiologic process. [1] The pregnancy related hepatic and G.I disorders may affect uniquely in pregnancy hence the physician should have  safe diagnostic tools which would help in medication. This study was conducted to estimate the levels of serum Ceruloplasmin, and LFT like Total Proteins, Albumin, Globulin, A/G Ratio, Alkaline phosphatase, Alanine amino transferase and Aspartate amino transferase in normal healthy pregnant women and to compare them with normal healthy non pregnant women. The present study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry, Osmania General Hospital and Medical College, Koti, Hyderabad-AP. The study was conducted on 85 women {50 Pregnant and 35 Nonpregnant} attending ANC clinic GMH Hyderabad and Area Hospital, Golconda Forte, Hyderabad were divided into 2 groups. The mean value of CP stastistically increases in all cases which is highly significant. The mean value of TP, Globulins and A: G ratio stastistically decreased in all cases which is highly significant. The statistically significant increase in ALP values in all cases, which is highly significant. The statistically significant decrease in ALT values in all cases, which is highly significant. Statistically there is not much change in AST value. As shown by several studies elevation of serum CP and ALP, decrease in TP, Globulins and A:  G ratio of the normal pregnant women. The present study suggested the same; this would also indicate Nutritional status of the mother. 

Abstract: Escherichia coli O157:H7 is considered as a public health concern. The present study attempt to isolation of this serotype from environment samples ( Swage waste water , river water and tap water from different sites in Basrah governorate Iraq between August 2013 – October 2014. Out of 281 samples, 40 ( 14.23 % ) of samples were found positive for this bacterium when plted on chromogen agar and ( CT-SMA ). The isolates then identified using conventional tests confirmed using certestE.coli O157:H7.  Antibiotic susceptibility test  were performed by Bauer-Kirby disc diffusion assay against ( 20 )  antibiotics . the present study revealed that all the isolates showed high resistance to Ampicillin, Augmentin , Piperacillin , Cefazolin and rifampin. Variable degree of susceptibility against other antibiotics.The present data showed different antibiotic resistance patterns suggesting that these patterns are isolate dependent.Plasmid profile of the isolates revealed that the more resistant isolate to different antibiotics the more number of plasmids harbored by the isolate. 

Abstract: Serum and other body fluids of human are wealthy sources for the detection of novel biomarkers, which can be considered in routine medical diagnosis. MicroRNAs are a class of small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level by either degrading or blocking translation of messenger RNA targets. The deregulation of microRNAs has been associated to tumor progression and cancer development. Lately, the detection of microRNAs in serum and other body fluids of human include adequatelely constant microRNA autographs. Recent expression profiling studies have discovered that microRNAs participate significant regulatory roles in a multiplicity of cellular functions as well as intending at the detection on novel non-invasive biomarkers. In this article, I review the current literature on serum microRNAs in different tumor types and the approaches used to detect and quantify these molecules. Moreover, I précis the knowledge about the mechanism of microRNAs discharge and the putative functional roles of circulating microRNAs. There remain many challenges in this domain, circulating microRNAs have the prospective to be constructive for the diagnosis and prognosis of tumor ailments.