Abstract: The virtual water term first time was expressed by Allen(1997) to note the amount of available water  in universal  system by Exchanging  of agricultural goods.Water is needed to produce most goods. the water used in different steps of production of a good is called virtual water and is saved in good.Many countries located in arid and semi-arid with food imports, saves the part of water can be used to produce Domestic production for using in other uses which is called Virtual water imports.in this research, in 11 hydrologic unit in case study of khuzestan province, the virtual water in production goods was assessed.First Weighted Average of 11 goods of crop production and 2 production of Horticultural products with collecting distributed data about agriculture was calculated.then amount of needed water and virtual water for every production was calculated. then benefit and percent of water supply for hydrologic unit was assessed. finally imports or exports of every production according to Per capitation consumption and production was calculated. results show the percent of water supply over 90 in most  plains and being negative export rather than import in production. although few benefit in Lentil and maximum in Tomatoes and saving the maximum  virtual water in Lentil and  the minimum in Sugar beet. so it can be said that assessing virtual water can be so beneficial in optimum Cropping patterns and although in managing  of cropping  and horticulture productions and  water  resources and to increase water Benefit. 

Abstract: Irrigated fields in complex landscapes are often characterized by topographical changes with small scale heterogeneity of soil properties. In terms of a precision irrigation management it is necessary to achieve an accurate determination of these spatial variations to enhance irrigation efficiency. The practical implementation of precision irrigation must be focused on characterizing spatial variation of soil properties that relate to the water supply of plants. This paper outlines the differentiated impact of irrigation on heterogeneous soil site conditions. The object of this research was to assess the effect of a homogeneous sprinkler irrigation application on heterogeneous types of soil substrates. A simultaneous flat-rate irrigation event on 31 heterogeneous soils with significant differences in the terms of soil texture has been simulated numerically through a model approach (FRIS = Flat-Rate Irrigation Simulation) as presented in this paper. Measurements of volumetric soil water contents are often used in irrigation management for scheduling water applications. However, soil water tension is the major control factor in site-specific irrigation and plays a vital part in the soil-water-nexus. For that reason the implementation of 31 soil-specific pedotransfer functions (PTFs) is one core element of this simulation. The transfer functions were determined statistically via corresponding nonlinear regression functions. Most of the already existing PTFs cannot be used for practical applications because they determine the physical relationships in a fragmentary way or just in the extremes which are of no relevance for the agricultural practice. The regression-based PTFs in FRIS show sufficient accuracy in the range of pF 1.8 and 4.2 and therefore in that range of the water tension which is ecologically relevant for most cultured plants. The PTFs presented within FRIS may help to optimize existing irrigation strategies and simulation approaches concerning the consideration of similar soil textural differences. The results of FRIS show that irrigation efficiency is directly influenced by the existing site specific properties. The different types of soil texture seem to be a suitable key factor for improving water use efficiency in irrigation management. 

Abstract: A field experiment was conducted in 2009-2011 rice growing season to determine water management and nitrogen rates effect on soil microbial biomass on dystric gleysol located at Edozighi Southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria. Treatments were a combination of water management and nitrogen rates arranged in a split plot design with four replications. Soil samples were taken at the 0-20 cm depth during the dough grain stage. Results showed that there were significant differences in fungi count due to water management with values that ranged between 4.00x 10⁵cfu/g and 8.00x 10⁵ cfu/mg. Similarly, significant differences were observed in fungal count due to nitrogen rates with values that ranged between 3.25x 10⁵ cfu/g and 9.00x10⁵ cfu/mg. The same trend was recorded in bacterial count with values that ranged between 2.50x10⁶ cfu/g and 5.80x10⁶ cfu/mg due water management practices. Additionally, application of different rates of nitrogen also had significant differences in bacterial count with values that ranged between 2.40x10⁶ cfu/g and 5.70x10⁶ cfu/g. Microbial biomass carbon  ranged from 300 mg/kg and 720 mg/ kg due to water management and was significantly different. Application of nitrogen also had significant difference in microbial biomass carbon with values that ranged between 300 mg/kg and 700 mg/kg.  It also showed a trend to decrease with increase in nitrogen dosage. 

Abstract: The reuse of water for agricultural irrigation is often viewed as a positive means of recycling water due to the potential large volumes of water that can be used. The volume of wastewater generated by domestic, industrial sources has increased with population, urbanization, improved living conditions, and economic development. The productive use of wastewater has also increased, as millions of farmers in urban areas of developing countries depend on wastewater to irrigate high-value edible crops for urban markets. Undesirable elements in wastewater can harm human health and the nature. Hence, wastewater irrigation is an issue of concern to public agencies responsible for maintaining public health and environmental sustainability. Due to various reasons, many developing countries are still unable to implement comprehensive wastewater treatment programs. Wastewater reuse in Nepal is also a widespread but poorly documented practice. Therefore shortly, risk management and sustainable use of waste water are needed to be focused for preventing adverse impacts caused by them. There are several opportunities for improving wastewater management via norms, institutional dialogues and financial mechanisms, which would reduce the risks of wastewater. Effluent standards combined with incentives or enforcement can motivate improvements in water management by all the sectors discharging wastewater from point sources. Strengthening institutional capacity and establishing links between water delivery and sanitation sectors through inter-institutional coordination leads to more efficient management of wastewater and risk reduction. This work was done to explore the environmental limits of urban water reuse for different sectors.  Different standards and limits defined for different industries for the wastewater were obtained from the literature review. 

Abstract: Geoelectrical Studies were carried out in parts of Vanur blocks of Villupuram District, Tamilnadu. The geological formations comprise Coastal alluvium with clay, Beach sand, Cuddalore sandstone and limestone underlain by Charnockite at different depths. 50 Vertical Electrical Soundings were carried out to assess the quality of ground water in the area. All VES were interpreted through Curve Matching Technique using Standard Master Curves as well as IP 2 WIN program through the computer. Based on the results, various thematic maps have been prepared, viz., Iso resistivity contour, apparent resistivity contour for different depth ranges, longitudinal conductance contour and Electrical Conductance contour. Interpreted VES results coupled with Hydrochemical data have been used to demarcate the area with different ground water quality. The results revealed that in the Shallow zones (down to 50 m) with saline formation water exists in the northeastern part, while brackish water is present in the central part and Fresh water occurs in the eastern and western part of the area. 

Abstract: The study rely on the bio-degradation of dyes for water quality management that having toxic and carcinogenic effect to abiotic and biotic environment; widely used in textiles industries and released as effluents. In present study species of algae and fungi used to degrade the Bromophenol blue and Coomassie blue R dyes viz. gram positive bacteria Rhodococcus rhodochrous MTCC 291 and white rot fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporiom MTCC 787. The bacteria has negatively oxidative, positively catalytic and have high nitrile hydratase activity properties. The fungus has unique extracellular oxidative enzymes activity with having lignin peroxidase biochemical intermediate and secretes array of peroxidases and oxidases. The cultured cell growth of Rhodococcus rhodochrous MTCC 291 and maintained in medium of yeast extract, peptones and NaCl while of Phanerochaete chrysosporiom MTCC 787 in the medium of malt extract, glucose and peptone in experiment. The λ _max  for Coomassie blue R and Bromophenol blue observed at pH range 4.6±0.2 to 8.6±0.2 with concentration range 15μM to 240μM was 562 nm and 590 nm. Range of pH was selected by keeping in view the pH change in 48 hrs incubation period during which pH of cultured media changed from 5.5±0.2 to 8.4±0.2 in case of bacteria and 5.5±0.2 to 4.6±0.2. 0.2% to 1.4% and 1% to 2.4% variation of λ _max observed at different pH range for bromophenol blue and Coomassie blue R in different cultured media used for bacteria and fungi. Results are discussed after 48 hrs of microbial degradation 

Abstract: As the nature of the research work, it becomes the prime most duty of a phytogeographer to trace out to identify the plants and than their geographic interpretation from their origin point of view, their cartographic presentation from spatial distribution point of view and lastly also to prepare their layout planning map for ongoing plantation programme at least for the applied plant species for the area under study. 

Abstract: The population growth and the increase in vehicular traffic is causing environment pollution in general and air pollution in particular. The pollution load from the industries in the bowl area and traffic volume data clearly points out that not only industry but also traffic is also a source of air pollution. The most important parameter that influence mixing, diffusion and dissipation of pollutants. In the present study an attempt is made to see the implications of air pollution and its effects on the environment of an industrially developed coastal city. A test case chosen here is Visakhapatnam city (17° 42’N: 82°18’E) highly industrialized coastal metropolitan city on the east coast of India. In this paper we took the data of the major pollutant SPM, SO2 and NO2 for the latest warming year 2013 at various locations in Visakhapatnam. The effluent transport of the pollution is studied under different seasons. In this article we observed high concentrations in the month of February and minimum concentrations in the month of April. A season wise comparison revealed that winter season recorded maximum concentrations. 

Abstract: The district is irregular hexagon in shape in the northeastern part of the State lies between 2702” east longitudes. It is surrounded by Churu district on the northwestern side Hissar and Mahendragarh district of Haryana State in the northeastern part and by Sikar district in the west, south and south eastern part-2. For the propose of administration the district is divided into five administrative subdivision viz, Chirawa, Udaipurwati, Jhunjhunu, Khetri and Nawalgarh Six Tehsil viz Jhunjhunu, Chirawa, Khetri, Nawalgarh, Buhana, Udaipurwati and eight Panchyat Samities viz Jhunjhunu, Chirawa, Khetri, Nawalgarh, Buhana, Udaipurwati, Alsisar and Surajgarh.