Abstract: The sustainability of irrigated agriculture in regions like Ganganagar District, Rajasthan, faces significant challenges, primarily due to the adverse effects of chemical changes in the soil. This research paper examines the impact of irrigation practices, particularly canal irrigation, on the chemical properties of soil in the Ganganagar District, highlighting the consequent soil degradation issues that hinder agricultural sustainability. Ganganagar, an agriculturally significant region, heavily relies on irrigation from canals derived from the Indira Gandhi Canal System, which has been instrumental in transforming arid lands into productive agricultural zones. However, this practice has led to several detrimental chemical soil changes, particularly increasing soil salinity and alkalinity levels. These changes are primarily driven by factors such as inefficient water management, lack of proper drainage systems, and high evaporation rates, which contribute to the accumulation of salts and a subsequent decline in soil fertility. The research specifically investigates how continuous irrigation, without adequate leaching and drainage, has caused the build-up of soluble salts in the root zone, resulting in a significant increase in soil salinity. As a result, the soil pH has shifted towards alkalinity, negatively affecting crop growth, reducing nutrient availability, and disrupting microbial activity within the soil. This imbalance in soil chemistry has made it increasingly difficult for farmers to maintain optimal crop yields. The study also emphasizes the role of nutrient imbalances, particularly the deficiency of essential micronutrients such as zinc, copper, and manganese, in the irrigated soils of the region. These micronutrient deficiencies not only affect crop health but also exacerbate the long-term sustainability of farming in the area. In addition to the chemical changes, the research highlights the overall degradation of soil structure, with decreased permeability and water retention capacity, resulting in poor root development and inefficient water usage. In response to these sustainability challenges, the paper proposes several solutions. Key recommendations include the adoption of improved drainage systems to prevent waterlogging and salt accumulation, the practice of balanced fertilization based on regular soil testing to correct nutrient imbalances, and the promotion of crop rotation to mitigate soil exhaustion and salinity build-up. Furthermore, the research advocates for the education and training of farmers on sustainable irrigation practices, such as the efficient use of canal water and the incorporation of organic amendments to enhance soil fertility. Ultimately, the paper underscores the importance of integrated soil and water management strategies to preserve the long-term viability of irrigated agriculture in the Ganganagar District, ensuring that the region’s agricultural productivity remains sustainable despite the challenges posed by chemical soil changes. This research serves as a valuable resource for policymakers, agronomists, and farmers, providing critical insights into the underlying issues affecting soil health in the region and offering actionable strategies for overcoming these challenges.

Abstract- "The Philosophical Interpretation of Karma Yoga in the Gita" is a philosophical study that aims to analyze the principles of Karma Yoga as presented in the Bhagavad Gita. The Gita is a unique text in Indian philosophy, important not only from a religious and spiritual point of view, but also highly useful as a guide for practical life. In it, Lord Krishna, through his teachings to Arjuna, explains the deep concepts of action (karma), knowledge (jnana), devotion (bhakti), and yoga.

This research paper focuses particularly on the philosophical structure of Karma Yoga. In Chapters 2, 3, and 5 of the Gita, Karma Yoga is explained in detail, where Krishna emphasizes the importance of selfless action, a sense of duty, self-control, and mental balance. Through verses like "Karmanye Vadhikaraste", the Gita highlights that giving up attachment to the fruits of action and simply performing one’s duty can lead a person toward spiritual growth.

From a philosophical point of view, the Karma Yoga of the Gita serves as a bridge between the dualistic (Dvaita) and non-dualistic (Advaita) schools of thought. It shows the way toward purification of the soul, mental stability, and liberation from bondage. Karma Yoga is not just about physical actions, but also a practice of mental and spiritual discipline. It is a path where one remains detached and unaffected even while performing action — as reflected in the Gita's ideas of "action in inaction" and "inaction in action."

This study also shows that Karma Yoga is not only useful for spiritual development but is also highly relevant in today’s complex life. Whether it is personal life, social responsibilities, or moral challenges, the Gita’s Karma Yoga offers practical solutions.

Thus, this research paper reinterprets the philosophy of Karma Yoga not only in light of traditional Gita commentaries, but also in the context of modern ethical philosophy and real-life situations. It shows that Karma Yoga is just as relevant today as it was for Arjuna on the battlefield of Mahabharata.